Civilian harm
Civilian deaths, and the counts of them
Strike casualties and protest deaths, and why this module publishes four irreconcilable counts rather than one figure.
Conflict coverage · Iran–Gulf
AssessmentModerate confidence
Broad regional level only. This surface never maps aid routes, facility locations or operational detail. Casualty figures from every party to this war are treated as claims and carried with their attribution. The module publishes no total for either side, and attacker battle-damage assessment is never carried as established damage.
Current state
What civilian pressure looks like now
Moderate confidence · Data as of 2026-09
Three distinct civilian effects run through this system, and they are measured in three incompatible ways. A strike with an acknowledged cause and a known toll; a maritime workforce stranded by a commercial decision rather than by any attack; and a domestic casualty count on which no two sources agree about what is being counted. The module publishes each with its own method attached, and does not add them together.
168
Killed in the Minab school strike
A United States strike, on the opening day of the war. A preliminary investigation found the United States responsible and attributed it to outdated targeting information — an acknowledged responsibility rather than an allegation, which is why the figure carries a high grade.
~20,000 at peak
Seafarers stranded aboard vessels unable to move
The International Maritime Organization's figure, which has fallen as evacuation proceeded. These crews were immobilised by the withdrawal of commercial cover rather than by any attack on their ships.
17
Seafarer deaths confirmed by the maritime regulator
3,117
Iranian protest deaths — government figure
The Iranian government's own total, of which it describes 2,447 as civilians and security forces and the remainder as "terrorists". A party's count of deaths it is accused of causing, carried as its stated position.
7,007
Iranian protest deaths — individually documented
HRANA's count of deaths documented case by case: 6,488 protesters, 236 children, 76 non-protester civilians and 207 military or government personnel. DOCUMENTED means each death has a record behind it.
17,091
Iranian deaths listed as still under investigation
A separate HRANA category and NOT a death toll. These are cases the organisation has not established, and adding them to the documented figure would present unverified reports as verified ones.
16,500 – 20,000
Iranian protest deaths — higher media estimates
Circulating in media reporting citing activist groups. The methodology behind them is not published, which is why they are carried as a separately labelled class rather than as the upper end of a range.
Civilian pressure, as analytical objectsWhat is under pressure in Iran–Gulf, as 3 selectable objects. Each carries its own figures, the module's analysis of it and — where the corpus establishes one — the mechanism by which security conditions reach it.Interrogate Iran–Gulf in Explore
Protection
Seafarers held by the situation
Crews aboard vessels that cannot move, and deaths with no attack behind them — a civilian effect produced by risk pricing.
Civilian infrastructure
Power and water as one system
Electricity and water supply that fail together, because in much of the region they are the same system.
The full picture3 blocks of analysis and 7 dated figures, filed under the pressures above — the module’s own words, with their own vintages
Everything below is authored on this module’s humanitarian record. Figures carry the vintage of the release that produced them, not the date of this page: the section is graded Moderate confidence and its data is stated as of 2026-09.
Civilian deaths, and the counts of themCivilian harm
| Indicator | Value | As of | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Killed in the Minab school strikeA United States strike, on the opening day of the war. A preliminary investigation found the United States responsible and attributed it to outdated targeting information — an acknowledged responsibility rather than an allegation, which is why the figure carries a high grade.Sources: Congressional Research Service — Iran, the Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz | 168 | 2026-02-28 | High confidence |
| Iranian protest deaths — government figureThe Iranian government's own total, of which it describes 2,447 as civilians and security forces and the remainder as "terrorists". A party's count of deaths it is accused of causing, carried as its stated position.Sources: Official government statements | 3,117 | 2026 | Low confidence |
| Iranian protest deaths — individually documentedHRANA's count of deaths documented case by case: 6,488 protesters, 236 children, 76 non-protester civilians and 207 military or government personnel. DOCUMENTED means each death has a record behind it. | 7,007 | 2026-02-23 | Moderate confidence |
| Iranian deaths listed as still under investigationA separate HRANA category and NOT a death toll. These are cases the organisation has not established, and adding them to the documented figure would present unverified reports as verified ones. | 17,091 | 2026-02-23 | Low confidence |
| Iranian protest deaths — higher media estimatesCirculating in media reporting citing activist groups. The methodology behind them is not published, which is why they are carried as a separately labelled class rather than as the upper end of a range. | 16,500 – 20,000 | 2026 | Low confidence |
Why there is no single protest casualty figure here
The four figures above measure four different things, and the range a reader would naturally form from them — roughly three thousand to twenty thousand — would be a statement about nothing. A government total, a set of individually documented deaths, a list of unestablished cases and an unpublished estimate are not four points on one distribution. Vigil publishes each with its method attached and adds no midpoint, no range and no total. An earlier draft of this module did carry such a range and it was withdrawn during verification for exactly this reason. There is also no independent verification available, and the sources do not share a definition of a protest death.
Sources: UN Security Council and Panel of Experts reporting↗ · Established international media reporting
Parties:IranIsraelUnited States
Seafarers held by the situationProtection
| Indicator | Value | As of | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seafarers stranded aboard vessels unable to moveThe International Maritime Organization's figure, which has fallen as evacuation proceeded. These crews were immobilised by the withdrawal of commercial cover rather than by any attack on their ships. | ~20,000 at peak | 2026 | Moderate confidence |
| Seafarer deaths confirmed by the maritime regulator | 17 | 2026-08 | High confidence |
A civilian effect with no attack behind it
The seafarers stranded in the Gulf were not stopped by anyone's weapons. They were stopped because the cover their voyages depend on stopped being written, and a vessel without war-risk cover does not sail. It is the clearest illustration in the module of how a commercial mechanism produces a physical humanitarian outcome, and it is why the module treats insurance as a system rather than as a market detail.
Sources: UN Security Council and Panel of Experts reporting↗ · Established international media reporting
How security conditions reach this
Crews aboard vessels that could not move
The human cost of an access constraint, counted by the regulator.
- Affected area or systemConfirmed
- Access or service disruptionConfirmed
- Civilian conditionConfirmed
- Broader humanitarian significanceConfirmed
Access depends on:Hormuz-dependent crude and products export system
Parties:IranUnited States
Power and water as one systemCivilian infrastructure
How security conditions reach this
Where power and water are the same system
Why a strike on generation is also a strike on drinking water.
- Affected area or systemConfirmed
- Access or service disruptionConfirmed
- Civilian conditionPlausible exposure
- Broader humanitarian significancePlausible exposure
Access depends on:Qatari LNG export systemSaudi east–west crude transit
Parties:Saudi ArabiaQatarUAEIran
About this sectionScope and standing observables
Analysis and observables the module authors about the civilian situation as a whole rather than about any one pressure. They are filed under no object because they belong to none.
What this section deliberately does not contain
Gulf electricity and drinking water depend on a small number of fixed installations, and that dependence is real, structural and documented at national level. This module states it at that level and no further. It publishes no plant-level dependencies, no infrastructure vulnerability assessment and no single-point-of-failure analysis, because a public record of which installation a population cannot survive the loss of is a target list whatever it is called.
What to watch
- Does any body Vigil can cite publish a consolidated civilian casualty count for the 2026 war?The section carries four irreconcilable protest-death figures and one strike count because no consolidated count exists. A UN, ICRC or national-regulator series that covered strikes and protests on one method would replace them; a fifth party figure would not.
- Are the stranded crews repatriated, and does the regulator's seafarer death count stop rising?The peak of roughly 20,000 seafarers stranded and 17 confirmed deaths are the section's two maritime figures. The observable is a published repatriation count from a flag state, the IMO or a P&I club, and a regulator series that reaches a final figure rather than a running one.
Evidence and grading
- Figures
- Agency estimates on their own revision cycles. Each figure carries the date it is for; nothing on this surface averages, totals or compares across two vintages.
- Confidence
- How well established Vigil considers this assessment to be. It is not a measure of how severe the situation is.